Steroids in Sports Today Essay example -- Athletes Athletics Drugs Per

Steroids in Sports Today The United State is a country that thrives on competition. We idolize our sports stars and practically make major athletic events holidays. Children grow up with their favorite athletes plastered to the wall of their bedrooms and dream that one day they will be the next Barry Bonds, Shaqullie ONeal, or Tom Brady. Professional athletes train year-round to be in ideal psychical shape in order to per realize their best. But what happens when their best provided isnt good enough? We expect our sports stars to be perfect, upstanding citizens and role models but this isnt always the case. The recent exposure of athletes using steroids has exploded into a phenomenon involving athletes all near the world. It has cheapened sports and cast doubt on the integrity of our athletes. Steroid use is not exclusive to maestro sports. More and more college and high school athletes are arising to use steroids for many of the same reasons that the pros do to enhance performa nce, get an edge on the competition, and improve personal appearance. Non-medical use of anabolic steroids is illegal and banned by most, if not all, professional, intercollegiate, and interscholastic sports organizations. No matter what justifications are given for using steroids, one coffin nailnot overlook the fact anabolic steroids can cause serious strong-arm and psychological side effects. So what exactly is this substance that appears in the headlines of our newspaper?s sport section? Anabolic steroids ?are the synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring potent anabolic hormone testosterone? (Wadler 1). Testosterone?s natural effects help a boy going through puberty grow hair, develop a deeper voice, and check dietary protein, which aids in the development of muscles. Athletes understand the drugs ?to primarily increase muscle mass and strength? (Wadler 2). Steroids do not, however, improve agility, skill, or cardiovascular capacity. Steroids can be taken orally or t hey can be injected. Most recently, the steroid of choice has been the kind that is injected and is short-lasting and water-soluble. Many steroids that come in the oral form have proven to be hazardous to the liver, but as Dr. Wadler explains, ?injectable steroids aren?t free of side-effects either. There is no free ride and there is a price to be paid with either form.? Some effects in men of frequent ... ...bout the steroid controversy, the reasons behind the phenomenon is basically universal. Athletes are always mental strain to be the best and to take their game to the next level. Steroids may drastically enhance their performance and give them a valuable competitive edge. Because so very much attention and money is directed towards professional athletics, athletes are now more than ever in the public?s spot light. Today, like it or not, the athletes that take steroids get most of the attention. Children dream of being the next superstar, but will future superstars be clean o r will steroids continue to dominate professional sports? Only time will tell. BibliographyBarczy, Jason ?Olrich Centers Study on Steroids.? Central Michigan Life 8 April 2005?Drugs and Sports Anabolic Steroids.? Sept. 2004URL http//espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.htmlFahey, T.D. ?Anabolic-androgenic steroids mechanism of movement and effects on performance.? Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science 1998Farmer, Sam ?Haslett steroid use rampant in old NFL.? Los Angeles Times 24 March 2005Straka, mike ?Grrr ? Steroids Not the Issue.? Dec. 2004URL http//www.foxnews.com

Explore the ways in which two or three of these poems present the :: English Literature

Explore the ways in which ii or collar of these poetrys present theexperience of living amid two cultures and the difficulties itcauses.The two poems I am choosing are Presents from my Aunts in Pakistanand Search for My Tongue.Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan is written by Moniza Alvi, awoman who was born in Pakistan but go to England at an early age.Her mother was from England and white, her Father was Pakistani and soblack. This makes Moniza half-caste, as well as the aunts in poembeing from her fathers side.Her poem begins with a verbal description of the gifts her aunts send herThey sent me a salwar kameez peacock-blue, and a nonher glistening wish an orange split open The gifts are clothes in the typicalPakistani style, long tunic and loose trousers of blue and orange. Yether indisposition towards the clothes is hinted at by her descriptionof the first set of clothes. peacock blue suggests that she feels likea peacock in them, representing off and flamboyant, something she doesntwant to be. They make her uncomfortable and self conscious. The nextset of clothes show us the passing of time for Alvi with more clothesfrom her aunts. Yet as in England, and as she puts it, school,fashions change. The salwar bottoms are now broad and stiff whencenarrow towards the bottom.She tries on the clothes in sitting room, unwrapping them with herparents. She tries each one on and feels alien, as she puts is, tothem. She doesnt full reject them, but they are too exotic for her,too pleasant for her. She acknowledges that they are pretty andacceptable clothes, but she cannot feel at ease in them. She longs fornormal clothesI longed for and corduroy. The clothes to her are a costume,something for other times, not now,My costume clung to me and I was aflame, I couldnt rise out of thisfire, half English, unlike Aunt Jamila. The clothes she is wearingare no head brightly coloured, by chance like the orange ones frombefore. They seem like flames to her, and to others she presumes. Theyare too exotic, too foreign, and they draw too much attention. Shecannot rise out of their flames she cannot be seen through them. When mint look at her wearing those, they will see the clothes, not aperson. The clothes identify her as Pakistani, not English. That wouldbe satisfactory if she was sure of her feature background, but she is not. Bywearing those clothes her balance of ethnicity is thrown wildly askew.Explore the ways in which two or three of these poems present the English LiteratureExplore the ways in which two or three of these poems present theexperience of living between two cultures and the difficulties itcauses.The two poems I am choosing are Presents from my Aunts in Pakistanand Search for My Tongue.Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan is written by Moniza Alvi, awoman who was born in Pakistan but moved to England at an early age.Her mother was from England and white, her Father was Pakistani and soblack. This makes Moniza half-caste, as wel l as the aunts in poembeing from her fathers side.Her poem begins with a description of the gifts her aunts send herThey sent me a salwar kameez peacock-blue, and another glisteninglike an orange split open The gifts are clothes in the typicalPakistani style, long tunic and loose trousers of blue and orange. Yether indisposition towards the clothes is hinted at by her descriptionof the first set of clothes. Peacock blue suggests that she feels likea peacock in them, showing off and flamboyant, something she doesntwant to be. They make her uncomfortable and self conscious. The nextset of clothes show us the passage of time for Alvi with more clothesfrom her aunts. Yet as in England, and as she puts it, school,fashions change. The salwar bottoms are now broad and stiff thennarrow towards the bottom.She tries on the clothes in sitting room, unwrapping them with herparents. She tries each one on and feels alien, as she puts is, tothem. She doesnt full reject them, but they are too exoti c for her,too lovely for her. She acknowledges that they are pretty andacceptable clothes, but she cannot feel at ease in them. She longs fornormal clothesI longed for and corduroy. The clothes to her are a costume,something for other times, not now,My costume clung to me and I was aflame, I couldnt rise out of thisfire, half English, unlike Aunt Jamila. The clothes she is wearingare no doubt brightly coloured, perhaps like the orange ones frombefore. They seem like flames to her, and to others she presumes. Theyare too exotic, too foreign, and they draw too much attention. Shecannot rise out of their flames she cannot be seen through them. Whenpeople look at her wearing those, they will see the clothes, not aperson. The clothes identify her as Pakistani, not English. That wouldbe alright if she was sure of her own background, but she is not. Bywearing those clothes her balance of ethnicity is thrown wildly askew.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Insanity and Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

critical point and Insanity The following five paragraphs will cover the point of What is insainity? How does Hamlet tie in with insainity? What or who is the have of insainity? While I try to overcome these questions to tackle the true answers, you will be thinking and deciding for yourself if Hamlet is amok or not. What does insainity? The Websters New initiation Dictionary--Third College Edition defines it as mentally ill or deranged demented mad senseless. My defintion is not as cruel as the dictionarys definition. My opinion of someone that is insane is they dont necessarily have all of their marbles. The definition in the dictionary kind of explains my definition which is someone that is not paying close attention to those around them. The centering people just throw the word insane aroud makes it seem as if its not a real sickness. But the thing is that people dont realize that its not something they should joke about. About three or four years ago, there was a song that was titled Sane and in one part they said, ...youre insane, got no brain... So this little line in the song is also part of the true meaning of insainity. Is Hamlet crazy? I personally dont feel that Hamlet is crazy. I think that because the Queen didnt want to face her past with her first true husband, she labelled Hamlet as someone that is mentally ill, or mad. When we had the reciprocation of what do we think about the topic of your parents paid one of your friends to talk to you to see if youre okay, I think we also covered some good points to reason both sides of the arguement. On one hand people were saying that what the Queen did was wrong because she shouldnt have someone to talk to her son but that she should do it for herself. And on the other side of the arguement, people were saying that they would talk to their friend for the parent but not if they were going to get paid. I dont think that Hamlet is crazy, I feel that he just needed to get his thoughts to gether beca use he was still trying to comprehend that fact that his mother got married to his uncle and she didnt even seem to guardianship about what he felt. What is the cause of someone being insane or who?

Comparing Nineteen Eighty-Four and Utopia Essay -- compare and contrast

Parallels in Nineteen Eighty-Four and Utopia Literature is a mirror of life. In order to reflect their views on the problems in society, many authors of fiction, including Sir Thomas More of Utopia and George Orwell of Nineteen Eighty-Four, use parallels in flake, setting, government, and society to link their works to the real world. Characters are the appendages of a literary work, without well travel characters, a novel is not complete. In many situations, authors use certain distinguishing features of a well known figure in society to shape the character in their works. These realistic characters are the works link to the outside world. In the book Utopia, Thomas More presents himself as a character - the opposition to Raphael Hythlodays recollections. Hythloday (whose name is derived from the classic huthlos, meaning nonsense) is a world traveller who has sailed with Amerigo Vespucci, a famous captain at the turn of the sixteenth century. By using several real-life characte rs, More link his work to the world around him. In the novel 1984, the supreme leader of the Ingsoc party, Big Brother, is a man of about forty-five, with a heavy color moustache and ruggedly handsome features (Orwell 5), whom in governing position, political power, and physical features, resembles the once feared Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Another omnipresent character in the novel, Emmanuel Goldstein, is express to be a traitor to Ingsoc, a conspirator to the Party he originated. Goldstein has a lean Jewish face, with a great fuzzy aureole of snow-white hair and a small goatee beard - a clever face ... with a kind of senile silliness in the long thin nose... (Orwell 16). The plan of Goldstein resembles that of Leon ... ...piece. Works Cited Brown, and Oldsey. ed. Critical Essays on George Orwell. Boston G. K. Hall & Co., 1986. Fox, Alistair. Thomas More, History and Providence. New Haven Yale University Press, 1983. Marius, Richard. Utopia as Mirror for a Life and Times. 1995. http//www.humanities.ualberta.ca/emls/iemls/conf/texts/marius.html (14 Oct. 1998). More, Thomas. Utopia. New York W. W. Norton & conjunction Inc., 1975. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. London Secker & Warburg, 1965. Singh, Paras Mani. George Orwell as a Political Novelist. Delhi Amar Prakashan, 1987. Works Consulted Crick, Bernard. George Orwell, A Life. Boston Little, Brown and Company, 1980. Jones, Judith P. Thomas More. Boston G. K. Hall & Co., 1979. Meyers, Jeffrey. ed. George Orwell, The Critical Heritage. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.

Encouraging Diverse Enrollment in Womens Studies Courses :: Essays Papers

Encouraging Diverse Enrollment in Womens Studies Courses What stands in the way of a more diversity in Womens Studies classes such as Feminism 101? The posing of this question is in and of itself a step to increasing diversity, for in the answers we find, we may also expose solutions to these roadblocks. I will therefore, be discussing causes of the current whiteness, female, young, middle-class, and non-disabled majority in Womens Studies class rosters. Once Ive established what is causing a majority to be present, I will then attempt to answer those problems with possible solutions, or at least steps in the right direction.Cross-racial opposition keeps minority races from interacting effectively with each other. Racism in general illuminates the white feminist community from everyone else. Internalized sexism tells us that we ar just women, prone to bickering and infighting, and it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Heterosexism and lesbian bating (accusing a woman of being a lesbian if she is independent and freethinking) keep potential womens studies students far away from our classrooms. Everyone is held back by the labels which separate us. Now I dont agree that these are the only oppressive forces dividing the feminist population and keeping new people from joining, but I would postulate that these conflicts habit the same in Womens Studies as they do in the feminist movement in general. These are the central expressions of oppression that make cohesive, equal, cooperation seem beyond our grasp. chime hooks, a black feminist writer, wrote in her book Feminist Theory From Margin to Center, Women in lower-class and poor groups, particularly those who are non-white, would not learn defined womens liberation as women gaining social equality with men, since they are continually reminded in their everyday lives that all women do not share a common social status. (19).This passage contains they key that answers the question of why people of color are n ot represented equally in our womens studies classes with white people. Because Womens Studies (and Feminism) had been cast as the arena of white women, who had the time and money to start the movement, women of color are less likely to think the classes are relevant to them. And they are overwhelmingly female. How then, armed with our understanding of this problem, can we get a more racially diverse student body interested in what Womens Studies has to offer?

Encouraging Diverse Enrollment in Womens Studies Courses :: Essays Papers

Encouraging Diverse Enrollment in Womens Studies Courses What stands in the way of a more diversity in Womens Studies classes such as Feminism 101? The posing of this question is in and of itself a step to increasing diversity, for in the answers we find, we may also expose solutions to these roadblocks. I will therefore, be discussing causes of the current uninfected, female, young, middle-class, and non-disabled majority in Womens Studies class rosters. Once Ive established what is causing a majority to be present, I will then attempt to answer those problems with possible solutions, or at least steps in the right direction.Cross-racial ill will keeps minority races from interacting effectively with each other. Racism in general withdraws the white feminist community from everyone else. Internalized sexism tells us that we atomic number 18 just women, prone to bickering and infighting, and it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Heterosexism and lesbian bating (accusing a wom an of being a lesbian if she is independent and freethinking) keep potential womens studies students far away from our classrooms. Everyone is held back by the labels which separate us. Now I dont agree that these are the only oppressive forces dividing the feminist population and keeping new people from joining, but I would postulate that these conflicts intention the same in Womens Studies as they do in the feminist movement in general. These are the central expressions of oppression that make cohesive, equal, cooperation seem beyond our grasp. chime hooks, a black feminist writer, wrote in her book Feminist Theory From Margin to Center, Women in lower-class and poor groups, particularly those who are non-white, would not excite defined womens liberation as women gaining social equality with men, since they are continually reminded in their everyday lives that all women do not share a common social status. (19).This passage contains they key that answers the question of why peop le of color are not represented equally in our womens studies classes with white people. Because Womens Studies (and Feminism) had been cast as the arena of white women, who had the time and money to start the movement, women of color are less likely to think the classes are relevant to them. And they are overwhelmingly female. How then, armed with our understanding of this problem, can we get a more racially diverse student body interested in what Womens Studies has to offer?

Film review of Romeo and Juliet Essay

Tears, laughter, fear and desperation. These atomic number 18 just some of the emotions youre guaranteed to endure whilst viewing the epic tragedy that is, Romeo and Juliet. This classic love story was first compose by William Shakespeare in 1591, it was adapted for screenplay by Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce. This version was first released in 1996, Baz Luhrmann, the critically acclaimed director of the characterisation, brought a modern, energetic and unforgettable quality to a marvellous theatre piece. With a budget of $14,500,000 and making $46,400,000 in the box office, Romeo and Juliet was an immediate hit.This was highlighted in awards ceremonies where the film achieved 3 BAFTAs and 2 Oscar nominations proving its heartbreaking brilliance. Romeo and Juliet begins with the knowledge that twain star-crossed lovers have taken their lives due to constant bickering and fighting between two dignified and highly respected families, The Montagues and The Capulets. At the start of the film, we are taken on a whirlwind tour of Verona beach, where the movie is set, we can confab that a high proportion of the businesses are owned by either the Montague or Capulet family.During the appearances of the Montague and Capulet families, we can see a significant difference immediately. The Montagues wear bright Hawaiian shirts and board shorts, whereas the Capulets look a lot more sophisticated, wearing mainly black/brown western styled outfits. This makes you think that perhaps the Capulets are a lot more serious and noble than the Montagues in the younger generations. The movie takes us through Romeo and Juliets story, from a fairy tale meeting and a lustrous affair, to true romance and displeasure that plaintually leads to their deaths in unity of the most moving scenes in film history.With a cast of stars, including Leonardo De Caprio (Titanic, The Beach, The Talented Mr Ripley) playing Romeo and Claire Danes (Polish Wedding, Stray Dogs) playing Juliet, the fi lm was continuously sure to shine. The tears Romeo cries appear to come straight from the heart of De Caprio, this leaves you wanting to solve his problems and see that Romeo and his Juliet are together forever, which they of course are. Baz Luhrmann was born in Australia but grew up in Northern New South Wales, he first began film productions in 1985 after attending the prestigious National take of Dramatic Arts in Sydney.The first well-known film that Luhrmann independently released was Strictly Ballroom (1992) surprisingly Romeo and Juliet was only the second major film he released, in 1996. This was followed by the enchanting and mesmerising Moulin Rouge(2000), which was an immediate hit, boasting one of the most astounding soundtracks ever made. The music in Luhrmanns films seems to revolve approximately a theme of amazing orchestral pieces building up to climaxes that make your hair stand on end.In both Moulin Rouge and Romeo and Juliet, Luhrmann uses singers to give you g oofball bumps, that are superior to any previously heard. Besides his ability to give you singing voices that will fill you with tears or joy, Luhrmann also achieves this with his perfectly selected sets. During one of the last-place scenes, in which Romeo finds Juliet, the family tomb is filled with candles, the dim light shed from these gives the perfect romantic yet tense atmosphere that the scene requires.Before the final tragedy occurs, Luhrmann draws you into the puppy love apparent in Juliet and Romeo, portraying them as Loves Young Dream. This only makes it worse when you witness their dreams being shattered. The circumstances of their deaths were always going to be heart-wrenching, but Luhrmann breaks your heart, as Romeo gently walks through the dimly lit tomb to his dead lovers side. Their last kiss is almost as traumatic as the deaths themselves, to see the fear and desperation in Juliets (Clare Danes) eyes, knowing shes lost her first love.Its at points like this, that you can see how talented Luhrmann is at raising the anticipation up to a level at which you in truth need to know more. Throughout their (Romeo & Juliets) final kiss, you find yourself praying Juliet wakes up, even though you already know she wont. Even though this is the films most tearful moment, the most spectacular scene is the confrontation at the gaseous state station, which gives you an idea of the rivalry and sheer hatred between the two families.The line Peace, I hate the word, like I hate. and all Montagues. Spoken by Tybalt, a Capulet, this shows how forbidden Romeo and Juliets love would have been. However, there are points at which the delivery of lines is somewhat impersonal, for example in some scenes involving Juliet and the nurse, its almost as if the characters dont actually know what theyre saying in modern English, and have purely learnt the lines without pursuing the issue further.Yet, with other characters, such as, Romeo and Mercutio, you actually feel that this is the language they normally use, the delivery of lines is in such a way that the actors appear to be deeply involved with their character. MERCUTIO is such an effective Mercutio, he brings comedy to every moment, even when he is dying he would make the audience giggle, if they were not so emotionally torn by emotional disorder at the same time.

A History of the Architectural Design of Castle Fraser, Aberdeen

As an atmospheric baronial palace that could day of the month back to the 15th century, fortress Fraser was adept time the place of the Fraser household. The embellish of Castle Fraser remains oerpowering after ab come in 300 old ages, to the people who approach it for the first clip. Visitors to the ground are confronted with one of the most hammy of the Castles of Mar , which is the largest and most luxuriant Scots palace. The palace was built on the Z-plan design and stands in 140 hectares of beautiful farming area. Following the forest trails, visitants could punt through the palace and up to the unit of ammunition tower, with its birds-eye positions of the tends and estate beyond, they have a glance of the life in the medieval to the Victorian period. The fountainhead palace itself was completed around 1636, in that respect were several eighteenth- and nineteenth-century alterations.The name of Fraser initiated in Anjou in France.The history of Castle Fraser could be t raced to the center of 14th century, the clip when crowd together II gave the worlds around Muchall and Stoney wood to doubting Thomas Fraser as a gift. At the get downing Castle Fraser bore the name of Muchall-in-Mar ( as the castles causality name until 1695 ) .The edifice work of Castle Fraser was completed between 1575 and 1635. In the 1570s, Michael Fraser decided to construct a larger house for his household, with the name of Michael s mainstay , but the palace remained under building at his decease in the terminal of the 1580s. Therefore, his inheritor, Andrew Fraser completed the palace after his decease, to the visual aspect that it has now. After that there have been some little alterations in the early 19th century and a new expansive stairway in Victorian times ( which was demolish after the Second World war ) .In the twelvemonth of 1976, the palace itself and land of 26 estates were gifted to the National Trust for Scotland. At that clip, Major and Mrs Smiley wer e the exsert proprietors.Castle Fraser set amidst 120 hectares of beautiful gardens and open forest, merely 16 stat mis from Aberdeen. The design of Castle Fraser s landscape is chiefly done by Thomas White in 1794. Naturally, it is surrounded by the grassland with full(prenominal)er degree. The scope of degree difference within the estate between highest and lowest is 30 metres near. However, sing the country, it is quite smooth and level comparatively.The estate has two easy followed trails go throughing through a mixture of parkland, farming area and forest, with the opening positions of Bennachie. The ancient system of divided up agriculture on unfastened Fieldss was replaced by a more profit-driven, agriculturally improved estate, together with stylish leisure countries and an attractive parkland scene.Castle Fraser. as a well-preserved five-storey tower edifice, was chiefly built from local granite. It a Z-shaped architecture with a rectangular chief edifice and two tow ers at diagonally fence corners of it, as an ordinary manner of Scots palace at that clip. It is surrounded by over 300 estates of unfastened wood and farm, with a specially designed walled garden. It is owned by the National Trust for Scotland and is unfastened to tourers during the and is unfastened to tourers in the summer. It is a good bindingographic point for nuptialss and corporate events as good.Aberdeenshire finest master-masons made a bulky part to an about perfect Z-plan massing of blocks combined with an antic upperworks as amplification Since the clip is near to the extremum of Renaissance Aberdeenshire, the palace was furnished with a prodigious asymmetrical sleeping room stack of six floors which yet trys to do a balance of the all in all.Immediately environing the palace, but with a greater bound to the West than the East is an enclosure known as the Cherry atomic number 19, presumptively planted with cherry trees, and beyond it to the West is a larger enclosu re, the Ducat Yard. And the Cherry Yard is to the West, as expressed in the map of Policies in 1780.The landscape today of Castle Fraser was established in the eighteenth and early 19th centuries. Former estate programs show that the gardens built following to the palace in typical Scots chateau manner, with the doocot ( dovercote ) and red paces to the West and a big, likely hedged, garden to the E. With its gramd entryway to the palace, the Broad Walk, an thoroughfare of lacewood trees acted as a way and welcome to the courtyard. However, things were different during the eighteenth and early 19th centuries, when the centuries-old community system of joint agriculture on unfastened Fieldss was one time replaced by a profit-driven, agriculturally improved estate. It is the intentional landscape of this period today.Many of these alterations were carried out by Elyza Fraser, the Laird of Castle Fraser between 1792 and 1814, carried out. She invited a student of the celebrated Engl ish landscape interior decorator Capability Brown, Thomas White, to plan those betterments to the landscape. It was unusual at the clip for a adult female to lay out such an active and outstanding function in estate direction. The stallss were built ( to an bing design by John Paterson ) a snaky lake, decorated with two swans and a rowing boat, was dug to the south-east of the palace and the walled garden was built in 1795.There is a tall cistern and inwardnesshouse of a mechanical H2O pump on the Alton Brae. And it had an of import function of supplying a H2O supply to the palace and estate. It was installed in the early 1900s, and powered by a modern galvanising pump now.There is a natural spring here that served as ingredient of lack Bristows landscaping strategy. It is a re-used triangular stimulate from higher up a dormer window, about surely from the palace, and day of the months from the 1630s. The carven initials -LAF- base for Lord Andrew Fraser. The Moses Well Hou se is more cryptic. The beautiful rock panels form quite a little of one big panel picturing the Old Testament prophesier Moses, surrounded by scenes from his life. They were carved in the mid-1600s, perchance in the Netherlands, and likely for an of import church. The answer of how or when they came to Castle Fraser is yet under outlook.There are tonss of workss in Miss Bristow s Wood anyways merely trees. Wildflowers can be seen throughout Miss Bristows Wood. Small white flowers of wood oxalis, wood windflowers and wild hyacinths appear in spring, with tall steeples of digitaliss and tap Rhododendron maxima willowherb emerging in the summer.Inside the wood stands the memorial for Mary Bristow, which was set by Elyza Fraser The lettering on it is Farewell Alas how much less is the society of others than the memory of thee.There are two chief trails to acquire straightly to the palace. One is in the North and the other is in the West. The earliest estate map to demo the lay-out o f the policies could be dated back all bit early as 1788, and likely it keeps a record of an agreement from the the late 17th century. The map shows that the Castle stands at the junction of four great avenues of lacewoods. The chief ocular axis is the avenue to the North the Broad Avenue which is the widest 1 as the name suggests, but the most of import entree mustiness hold been from the West Avenue, since it led to the Aberdeen route at BroomdykeIt is the Broad Walk of lacewoods that acts as an chief attack to the palace itself. The Broad Walk through Alton Brae one time connected the palace with the old Aberdeen. The trees here were planted more than 200 old ages ago.A squad of cattle one time pulled a large and heavy Big Dipper, and so those long additive ridges in the Alton Brea came into existence as remains of mediaeval cultivation rigs. Cereals were grown on top of them.The Alton Brea trail begins in the Fieldss and windbreaks with agricultural usage, and so passes the Alton Brae forests, inside which a big scope of birds exist, treecreepers, longtailed breasts and coal breasts and so on. And the finish of the Alton Brea trail isthe flight Pond. This flight kitten is non a outstanding topographic point for wildlife, since it was created at start to pull animate beings for hiting. In the late 17th century, this country around this beautiful puddle was divided into topographic points for the laird to feed their animals and so direct them to the market. This mosaic of home grounds at Castle Fraser encourages a big scope of species to come.All in all, The estates design achieves practical functionality every bit good as astonishing views.Mary Bristow was the interior decorator of this forest, known as Miss Bristows Wood, as a pleasance land full of weaving waies, pleasant clearings and distant positions. Elyza Fraser and Mary Bristow substantial these forests from agricultural land. They spent more than ?9,600 ( over ?500,000 today ) between 1797 and 1800 to carry through this task.Miss Bristows Trail ( 1.25 stat mis ) is named after Mary Bristow. The trail besides passes interesting archeological characteristics including the Moses Well.Merely to the North of Castle Fraser, there is a traditional walled garden of trees, bushs and herbaceous plantings, a medicative and culinary boundary line and organically adult fruit and veggies. The rectangular walled garden contains 17th-century sundial with complex lectern dial in freestone.The garden depicted on the 1788/9 program is likely to hold been first designed and laid out shortly after the east wing of the palace was completed in 1633/4 ( Fraser 2010 ) and by the clip it was dismantled in 1796 the garden had been in being for over 160 old ages. The Walled garden on this site was built in this location to replace the walled enclosures to the E and South of the Castle, as expressed in the 1788 map. It is possible that there has been alterations after that, non merely the replaci ng and remotion of workss and trees, but besides likely alterations in the building of the garden, such as the waies and wallsThe manner that Walled Garden expressions now could dates from about 1977-78, and it is designed by Eric Robson, the former NTS Head of Gardens.The walled garden provided the palace with fruit, veggies and flowers, and contained a vineyard and two Prunus persica houses. The west portion of the garden is for veggies. The east portion is of assorted boundary lines and lawn. Both of them are separated by violet beech hedges from the cardinal of the garden. An avenue of tree rows stand on the axis of the garden. A pump has been installed inside the garden. One little greenhouse remains on the north wall with the bothy edifice on the exterior of the wall. This is portion 2-storey, portion 1-storey, in unsmooth squared granite blocks with some snecking in usage as public lavatories and a nurseryman s room.Deserving to advert that in 1959, the south boundary line of the garden replied to one of the design of James Russell in Sunningdale Nurseries. The are assorted bushs and herbaceous workss, with some roses and lilies. By 1978 most of the passkey workss died. so the boundary line was replanted and redesigned by Eric Robson.The north wall was heated. However, there is lone portion of this system remains low in the wall of the brick arches. It was the ovens calling to plug the air through flukes inside the walls. They have to do a batch of work to return the gardens to what they used to be in 18th century. The gardens besides feature the Woodland Secrets escapade resort area and trails. Two manner marked walks offer brilliant positions of the local hills.Since 1976, the National Trust for Scotland has farther developed the gardens. The chief regeneration work is between 2003 and 2005. The Woodland Secrets play country was specially designed for amuze the kids.The site known today as the Castle Frazer rock circle is situated about 800 m to th e Westof the palace in the parish of Cluny. The circle is about 20.4m of diameter and it comprises the seeable remains of the rock circle 7 independent standing rocks, in which two of which have now fallen down.The circle one time was consisted of 11 rocks, merely nine remains now. The communion table ( the recumbent slab ) measures 6 9 in length and is 4 6 in tallness. The rock at its East terminal is 6 7 high and 4 6 broad at the base. About 200 gaits due easts are two rocks a few gaits distant from each other and about 7 high .The circle is to some extent guerrilla in form. The Altarstone is about due south from the Centre. There is a little homocentric circle, 13 pess in diameter, within the larger one, but merely defined at the North and South sides, as shewn in the ground-plan, by rocks sunk in the land down to the sub-soil and demoing themselves a few inches above land. They touch each other, and demo by and large a level side turned to the Centre of the circle.The whol e country of the Circle was found to be paved closely and steadfastly with little bowlders, lying about 6 inches below the surface.

Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle

chemic Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 www. elsevier. com/locate/cep military rating of steam reverse lightning cartridge ousters Hisham El-Dessouky *, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit De sidetrackment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait Uni6ersity, P. O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait Received 4 April 2001 received in revised form 26 September 2001 accepted 27 September 2001 Abstract Steam thou cartridge oustings ar an essential realm in refrigeproportionn and air conditioning, desalination, petroleum re? ning, petrochemical and chemical industries.The ejectors form an integral part of distillation columns, condensers and other kindle exchange processes. In this study, semi- selective information-based mannequins be moderniseed for anatomy and rating of steam jet ejectors. The copy gives the entrainment symmetry as a function of the expansion balance and the forces of the entrained e vaporisationization ation, motive steam and compressed vapor. Also, correlations argon developed for the motive steam bosom at the car horn exit as a function of the evaporator and condenser stuffs and the commonwealth proportions as a function of the entrainment dimension and the stream blackmails. This allows for full fancy of the ejector, where de? ing the ejector load and the pressures of the motive steam, evaporator and condenser gives the entrainment proportionality, the motive steam pressure at the pecker egress and the crisscross prick atomic moment 18as of the diffuser and the nozzle. The developed correlations ar based on large database that let ins manufacturer flesh data and experimental data. The model includes correlations for the choked ? ow with muscle contraction symmetrys above 1. 8. In addition, a correlation is provided for the non-choked ? ow with abridgment ratios below 1. 8. The look ons of the coef? cient of determination (R 2) ar 0. 85 and 0. 78 for the choked and non-choked ? w correlations, respectively. As for the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle matter and the knowledge domain ratios, all project R 2 values above 0. 99. 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords Steam jet ejectors Choked ? ow Heat pumps Thermal vapor compression 1. Introduction Currently, most of the conventional cooling and refrigeration systems are based on mechanistic vapor compression (MVC). These cycles are powered by a high quality form of energy, electrical energy. The inef? cient use of the energy required to ope rank such a process do-nothing be generated by the combustion of fossil uels and thus contributes to an sum up in greenhouse gases and the generation of air pollutants, such as NOx, SOx, particulates and oz wiz. These pollutants have adverse effects on pitying health and the environment. In addition, MVC refrigeration and cooling cycles use unfriendly chloro-? oro-carbon compounds (CFCs), which, u pon release, contributes to the destruction of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. * Corresponding author. Tel. + 965-48111885613 fax + 9654839498. E -mail share emailprotected kuniv. edu. kw (H. El-Dessouky). Environmental considerations and the need for ef? cient se of available energy call for the maturement of processes based on the use of low grade heat. These processes adopt entrainment and compression of low pressure vapor to higher pressures suitable for assorted systems. The compression process takes place in absorption, adsorption, chemical or jet ejector vapor compression cycles. Jet ejectors have the simplest con? guration among various vapor compression cycles. In contrast to other processes, ejectors are formed of a single building block connected to tubing of motive, entrained and mix streams. Also, ejectors do not include valves, rotors or other moving parts and are available ommercially in various sizes and for different applications. Jet eject ors have lower capital and maintenance cost than the other con? gurations. On the other hand, the main drawbacks of jet ejectors include the following ? Ejectors are normaled to operate at a single optimum point. Deviation from this optimum results in dramatic deterioration of the ejector performance. 0255-2701/02/$ see front depend 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. PII S 0 2 5 5 2 7 0 1 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 7 6 3 552 ? H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 Ejectors have very low thermal ef? iency. Applications of jet ejectors include refrigeration, air conditioning, removal of non-condensable gases, transport of solids and gas rec all overy. The function of the jet ejector differs considerably in these processes. For example, in refrigeration and air conditioning cycles, the ejector compresses the entrained vapor to higher pressure, which allows for condensation at a higher temperature. Also, the ejector entrainment process su stains the low pressure on the evaporator side, which allows evaporation at low temperature. As a result, the arctic evaporator ? uid can be use for refrigeration and cooling functions.As for the removal of non-condensable gases in heat transfer units, the ejector entrainment process pr eventidets their accumulation within condensers or evaporators. The presence of non-condensable gases in heat exchange units reduces the heat transfer ef? ciency and increases the condensation temperature because of their low thermal conductivity. Also, the presence of these gases enhances corrosion reactions. However, the ejector cycle for cooling and refrigeration has lower ef? ciency than the MVC units, but their merits are manifested upon the use of low grade energy that has limited effect on the environment and lower ooling and heating unit cost. Although the wrench and operation principles of jet ejectors are well known, the following sections provide a brief summary of the major features of ejectors. This is necessary in order to follow the word and analysis that follow. The conventional steam jet ejector has three main parts (1) the nozzle (2) the suck chamber and (3) the diffuser (Fig. 1). The nozzle and the diffuser have the geometry of converging/diverging venturi. The diameters and lengths of various parts forming the nozzle, the diffuser and the suction chamber, together with the stream ? ow rate and properties, de? e the ejector capacity and performance. The ejector capacity is de? ned in terms of the ? ow rates of the motive steam and the entrained vapor. The sum of the motive and entrained vapor mass ? ow rates gives the mass ? ow rate of the compressed vapor. As for the ejector performance, it is de? ned in terms of entrainment, expansion and compression ratios. The entrainment ratio (w ) is the ? ow rate of the entrained vapor Fig. 1. Variation in stream pressure and fastness as a function of hole along the ejector. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engi neering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 divided by the flow rate of the motive steam.As for the expansion ratio (Er), it is de? ned as the ratio of the motive steam pressure to the entrained vapor pressure. The compression ratio (Cr) gives the pressure ratio of the compressed vapor to the entrained vapor. Variations in the stream velocity and pressure as a function of location inside the ejector, which are shown in Fig. 1, are explained below ? The motive steam enters the ejector at point (p ) with a subsonic velocity. ? As the stream ? ows in the converging part of the ejector, its pressure is reduced and its velocity increases. The stream r severallyes sonic velocity at the nozzle throat, where its Mach number is enough to one. The increase in the cross section area in the diverging part of the nozzle results in a decrease of the shock expand pressure and an increase in its velocity to supersonic conditions. ? At the nozzle outlet plane, point (2), the motive steam pressure be comes lower than the entrained vapor pressure and its velocity ranges between 900 and 1200 m/s. ? The entrained vapor at point (e ) enters the ejector, where its velocity increases and its pressure decreases to that of point (3). ? The motive steam and entrained vapor streams may mix within the suction chamber and the converging section of the diffuser or it may ? ow as two separate treams as it enters the incessant cross section area of the diffuser, where alloy occurs. ? In each case, the concoction goes through a shock inside the eonian cross section area of the diffuser. The shock is associated with an increase in the mixture pressure and reduction of the mixture velocity to subsonic conditions, point (4). The shock occurs because of the back pressure resistance of the condenser. ? As the subsonic mixture emerges from the constant cross section area of the diffuser, further pressure increase occurs in the diverging section of the diffuser, where part of the kinetic energy o f the mixture is converted into pressure.The pressure of the emerge ? uid is slightly higher than the condenser pressure, point (c ). Summary for a number of lit studies on ejector function and performance evaluation is shown in accede 1. The following outlines the main ? ndings of these studies ? optimal ejector operation occurs at the critical condition. The condenser pressure controls the location of the shock wave, where an increase in the condenser pressure above the critical point results in a rapid decline of the ejector entrainment ratio, since the shock wave moves towards the nozzle exit.Operating at pressures below the critical points has minimal effect on the ejector entrainment ratio. 553 ? At the critical condition, the ejector entrainment ratio increases at lower pressure for the timpani and condenser. Also, higher temperature for the evaporator increases the entrainment ratio. ? Use of a varying position nozzle can maintain the optimum conditions for ejector op eration. As a result, the ejector can be maintained at critical conditions even if the operating conditions are varied. ? Multi-ejector system increases the operating range and improves the overall system ef? ciency. Ejector modeling is essential for better understanding of the compression process, system human body and performance evaluation. Models include empirical correlations, such as those by Ludwig 1, Power 2 and El-Dessouky and Ettouney 3. Such models are limited to the range over which it was developed, which limits their use in canvas the performance of new ejector ? uids, designs or operating conditions. Semi-empirical models give more ? exibility in ejector design and performance evaluation 4,5. Other ejector models are based on fundamental balance equations 6. This study is motivated by the need for a simple mpirical model that can be used to design and evaluate the performance of steam jet ejectors. The model is based on a large database extracted from several ejecto r manufacturers and a number of experimental literature studies. As will be discussed later, the model is simple to use and it eliminates the need for iterative occasions. 2. Mathematical model The review by Sun and Eames 7 outlined the developments in mathematical modeling and design of jet ejectors. The review shows that there are two basic approaches for ejector analysis. These include mixing of the motive steam and entrained vapor, either at constant ressure or at constant area. Design models of stream mixing at constant pressure are more common in literature because the performance of the ejectors designed by this method is more superior to the constant area method and it compares favorably against experimental data. The basis for modeling the constant pressure design affair was initially developed by Keenan 6. Subsequently, several investigators have used the model for design and performance evaluation of various types of jet ejectors. This involved a number of modi? cations in the model, especially losses within the ejector and mixing of the old and secondary streams.In this section, the constant pressure ejector model is developed. The developed model is based on a number of literature studies 8 11. The constant pressure model is based on the following assumptions H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 554 board 1 Summary of literature studies on ejector design and performance Reference Fluid Boiler, evaporator and condenser temperature (C) destruction 19 R-113 60100 518 4050 Basis for refrigerant selection for solar system, system performance increased with increasing boiler and evaporator temperatures and decreasing condenser temperature. 20 R-113 R-114 R-142b R-718 8095 513 2545 Comparison of ejector and refrigerant performance. Dry, wet and isentropic ?uids. Wet ? uid reproach ejectors due phase change during isentropic expansion. R-113 (dry) has the best performance and R142b (wet) has the poorest pe rformance. 21,22 R-114 86 ? 8 30 Increase in ejector performance exploitation mechanical compression booster. 8 Water 120140 510 3065 Choking of the entrained ? uid in the mixing chamber affects system performance. Maximum surcharge is obtained at the critical ? ow condition. 13 Water 120140 510 3060Effect of varying the nozzle position to meet operating condition. Increase in COP and cooling capacity by 100%. 23 R-113 70100 625 4250 Entrainment ratio is highly affected by the condenser temperature especially at low evaporator temperature. 24 R-11 82. 2182. 2 10 43. 3 Entrainment ratio is proportional to boiler temperature. 25,26 R-114 90 4 30 unite solar generator and ejector air conditioner. More ef? cient system requires multi-ejector and cold energy storage (cold storage in either phase changing materials, cold water or ice). 27 R-134A 15 30 Modeling the effect of motive nozzle on system performance, in which the ejector is used to recover part of the work that would be lost i n the expansion valve using high-pressure motive liquid. 28 Water 100165 10 3045 unite solar collector, refrigeration and seawater desalination system. Performance depends on steam pressure, cooling water temperature and suction pressure. 4 Water 29 Water Model of multistage steam ejector refrigeration system using annular ejector in which the primary ? uid enters the second stage at annular nozzle on the sidewall.This will increase static pressure for low-pressure stream and mixture and reduce the velocity of the motive stream and reduce jet mixing losses shock wave formation losses. 24 R11 R113 R114 93. 3 10 43. 3 Measure and prognosticate ejector entrainment ratio as a function of boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures. Entrainment ratio decreases for off design operation and increases for the two stage ejectors. 30 R113 R114 R142b 120140 6580 Effect of throat area, location of main nozzle and length of the constant area section on backpressure, entrainment ratio and co mpression ratio.Developed a new ejector theory in which the entrained ? uid is choked, the plant scale results agree with this theory. Steam jet refrigeration should be designed for the most often prevailing conditions rather than the most severe to achieve greater overall ef? ciency. 5 Mathematical model use empirical parameters that depend solely on geometry. The parameters are obtained experimentally for various types of ejectors. 31 R134a 5 ? 12, ? 18 40 Combined ejector and mechanical compressor for operation of domestic refrigerator-freezer increases entrainment ratio from 7 to 12. 4%. The optimum throat diameter depends on the freezer emperature 9 R11 HR-123 80 5 30 Performance of HR-123 is similar to R-11 in ejector refrigeration. Optimum performance is achieved by the use of variable geometry ejector when operation conditions change. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 1. The motive steam expands isentropically in the nozzle. Also , the mixture of the motive steam and the entrained vapor compresses isentropically in the diffuser. 2. The motive steam and the entrained vapor are saturated and their velocities are negligible. 3. Velocity of the compressed mixture leaving the ejector is insigni? cant. 4.Constant isentropic expansion exponent and the ideal gas behavior. 5. The mixing of motive steam and the entrained vapor takes place in the suction chamber. 6. The ? ow is adiabatic. 7. Friction losses are de? ned in terms of the isentropic ef? ciencies in the nozzle, diffuser and mixing chamber. 8. The motive steam and the entrained vapor have the same molecular weight and speci? c heat ratio. 9. The ejector ? ow is one-dimensional and at steady state conditions. The model equations include the following ? Overall material balance (2) Expansion ratio ? 2pn k? 1 Pp P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 Pe P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 (6) M*2 + wM*2Te/Tp p e M 2(k + 1) M 2(k ? 1) + 2 (8) Eq. (8) is used to calculate M*2, M*2, M4 e p Mach num ber of the mixed ? ow after the shock wave 2 M2+ 4 (k ? 1) M5 = (9) 2k 2 M ? 1 (k ? 1) 4 Pressure increase across the shock wave at point 4 (10) In Eq. (10) the constant pressure assumption implies that the pressure between points 2 and 4 remains constant. Therefore, the following equality constraint applies P2 = P3 = P4. Pressure lift in the diffuser n Pc p (k ? 1) 2 =d M5+1 P5 2 ? (5) ? (k/k ? 1) (11) where pd is the diffuser ef? ciency. The area of the nozzle throat A1 = where M is the Mach number, P is the pressure and is the isentropic expansion coef? cient. In the above equation, pn is the nozzle ef? ciency and is de? ned as the ratio between the actual enthalpy change and the enthalpy change undergone during an isentropic process. Isentropic expansion of the entrained ? uid in the suction chamber is express in terms of the Mach number of the entrained ? uid at the nozzle exit plane P5 1 + kM 2 4 = P4 1 + kM 2 5 (4) Isentropic expansion of the primary ? uid in the nozzle i s expressed in terms of the Mach number of the primary ? uid at the nozzle outlet plane Mp2 = ? ? (3) Er = Pp/Pe ? ? 2 k? 1 (7) (1 + w )(1 + wTe/Tp) here w is the entrainment ratio and M * is the ratio between the local ? uid velocity to the velocity of sound at critical conditions. The relationship between M and M * at any point in the ejector is apt(p) by this equation M* = coalescency ratio Cr = Pc/Pe ? ? The mixing process is modeled by one-dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are combined to de? ne the critical Mach number of the mixture at point 5 in terms of the critical Mach number for the primary and entrained ?uids at point 2 M* = 4 where m is the mass ? ow rate and the subscripts c, e and p, de? ne the compressed vapor mixture, the ntrained vapor and the motive steam or primary stream. Entrainment ratio w = me/mp ? ? (1) mp + me = mc ? Me2 = 555 mp Pp RTp k + 1 kpn 2 (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (12) The area ratio of the nozzle throat and diffuse r constant area A1 Pc 1 = A3 Pp (1 + w )(1 + w (Te/Tp)) P2 1/k P (k ? 1)/k 1/2 1? 2 Pc Pc 2 1/(k ? 1) 2 1/2 1? k+1 k+1 1/2 (13) H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 556 ? The area ratio of the nozzle throat and the nozzle outlet A2 = A1 1 2 (k ? 1) 2 1+ M p2 2 M p2 (k + 1 2 ? (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (14) ? 3. Solution mental process ?Two solution procedures for the above model are shown in Fig. 2. Either procedure requires iterative calculations. The ? rst procedure is used for system design, where the system pressures and the entrainment ratio is de? ned. Iterations are do to determine the pressure of the motive steam at the nozzle outlet (P2) that gives the same back pressure (Pc). The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(a) and it includes the following steps ? De? ne the design parameters, which include the entrainment ratio (w ), the ? ow rate of the compressed ? ? ? ? vapor (mc) and the pressures of the entrain ed vapor, ompressed vapor and motive steam (Pe, Pp, Pc). De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). Calculate the colour temperatures for the compressed vapor, entrained vapor and motive steam, which include Tc, Tp, Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. As for the universal joint gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. The ? ow rates of the entrained vapor (me) and motive steam (mp) are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). A value for the pressure at point 2 (P2) is estimated and Eqs. (5) (11) are solved sequentially to obtain the ressure of the compressed vapor (Pc). The calculated pressure of the compressed vapor is compared to the design value. A new value for P2 is estimated and the previous step is repeated until the desired value for the pressure of the compressed vapor is reached. Fig. 2. Solution algorithms of the mathematical model. (a) Design procedure to calculate ar ea ratios. (b) Performance evaluation to calculate w. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 ? The ejector cross section areas (A1, A2, A3) and the area ratios (A1/A3 and A2/A1) are calculated from Eqs. (12) (14).The second solution procedure is used for performance evaluation, where the cross section areas and the entrainment and motive steam pressures are de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the entrainment ratio that de? nes the ejector capacity. The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(b) and it includes the following steps ? De? ne the performance parameters, which include the cross section areas (A1, A2, A3), the pressures of the entrained vapor (Pe) and the pressure of the primary stream (Pp). ? De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). ? Calculate the saturation temperatures of the primary nd entrained streams, Tp and Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. ? As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. ? Calculate the ? ow rate of the motive steam and the properties at the nozzle outlet, which include mp, P2, Me2, Mp2. These are obtained by solving Eqs. (5), (6), (12) and (14). ? An estimate is made for the entrainment ratio, w. ? This value is used to calculate other system parameters de? ned in Eqs. (7) (11), which includes M*2, e M*2, M*, M4, M5, P5, Pc. p 4 ? A new estimate for w is obtained from Eq. 13). ? The error in w is determined and a new iteration is made if necessary. ? The ? ow rates of the compressed and entrained vapor are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). 4. Semi-empirical model Development of the semi-empirical model is thought to provide a simple method for designing or rating of steam jet ejectors. As shown above, solution of the mathematical model requires an iterative procedure. Also, it is necessary to de? ne values of pn and pd. The values o f these ef? ciencies widely differ from one study to another, as shown in Table 2. The semi-empirical model for the steam jet ejector is developed over a wide ange of operating conditions. This is achieved by using three sets of design data acquired from major ejector manufacturers, which includes Croll Reynolds, Graham and Schutte Koerting. Also, several sets of experimental data are extracted from the literature and are used in the development of the empirical model. The semiempirical model includes a number of correlations to calculate the entrainment ratio (w ), the pressure at the nozzle outlet (P2) and the area ratios in the ejector 557 Table 2 Examples of ejector ef? ciencies used in literature studies Reference 27 32 33 31 10 24 8 34 pn pd 0. 9 0. 5 0. 71 0. 81 0. 850. 98 0. 85 0. 75 0. 75 0. 8 0. 85 0. 71 0. 81 0. 650. 85 0. 85 0. 9 pm 0. 8 0. 95 (A2/A1) and (A1/A3). The correlation for the entrainment ratio is developed as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressur es of the motive steam, the entrained vapor and the compressed vapor. The correlation for the pressure at the nozzle outlet is developed as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures. The correlations for the ejector area ratios are de? ned in terms of the system pressures and the entrainment ratio. Table 3 shows a summary of the ranges of the experimental and the design data.The table also includes the ranges for the data reported by Power 12. A summary of the experimental data, which is used to develop the semi-empirical model is shown in Table 4. The data includes measurements by the following investigators ? Eames et al. 8 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 3 6, expansion ratio 160 415 and entrainment ratio of 0. 17 0. 58. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 90 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Munday and Bagster 4 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 8 2, expansion ratio of 356 522 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57 0. 905 .The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 200 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Aphornratana and Eames 13 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 4. 6 5. 3, expansion ratio of 309. 4 and entrainment ratio of 0. 11 0. 22. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Bagster and Bresnahan 14 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 4 3. 4, expansion ratio of 165 426 and entrainment ratio of 0. 268 0. 42. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 145 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Sun 15 obtained the data for a compression ratio of . 06 3. 86, expansion ratio of 116 220 and entrainment ratio of 0. 28 0. 59. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Chen and Sun 16 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 77 2. 76, expansion ratio of 1. 7 2. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 37 0. 62. The measure- H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 558 ments are obtained for an area ratio of 79. 21 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Arnold et al. 17 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 47 3. 86, expansion ratio of 29. 7 46. , and entrainment ratio of 0. 27 0. 5. ? Everitt and Riffat 18 obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 37 2. 3, expansion ratio of 22. 6 56. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57. The correlation for the entrainment ratio of choked ?ow or compression ratios above 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + fP g ) p (h + iP jc) (15) Similarly, the correlation for the entrainment ratio of un-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + f ln(Pp)) (g + h ln(Pc)) (16) vapor compression applications. As shown in Fig. 3, the ? tting result is very satisfactory for entrainment ratios between 0. 2 and 1.This is because the major part of the data is found between entrainment ratios clustered over a rang e of 0. 2 0. 8. Examining the experimental data ? t shows that the major part of the data ? t is well within the correlation predictions, except for a small number of points, where the predictions have large deviations. The correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically. In this regard, the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures are used to solve the mathematical model and to calculate the area ratios and motive steam pressure at the nozzle utlet. The results are obtained for ef? ciencies of 100% for the diffuser, nozzle and mixing and a value of 1. 3 for k. The results are then fit as a function of the system variables. The following relations give the correlations for the choked ? ow The constants in Eqs. (15) and (16) are given as follows P2 = 0. 13 P 0. 33P 0. 73 e c (17) A1/A3 = 0. 34 P 1. 09P ? 1. 12w ? 0. 16 c p Entrainment ratio Entrainment ratio correlation choked corre lation non-choked ?ow (Eq. (15) Fig. 3) ? ow (Eq. (16), Fig. 4) ?1. 89? 10? 5 ?5. 32 5. 04 9. 05? 10? 2 22. 09 ?6. 13 0. 82 ?3. 37? 10? 5 ? ? 0. 79 a 0. 65 b ?1. 54 c 1. 72 d 6. 9v10? 2 e 22. 82 f 4. 21? 10? 4 g 1. 34 h 9. 32 j 1. 28? 10? 1 j 1. 14 R2 0. 85 A2/A1 = 1. 04 P ? 0. 83 c P 0. 86 p w (18) ? 0. 12 (19) The R 2 for each of the above correlations is above 0. 99. Similarly, the following relations give the correlations for the un-choked ? ow P2 = 1. 02 P ? 0. 000762P 0. 99 e c (20) A1/A3 = 0. 32 P 1. 11P ? 1. 13w ? 0. 36 c p (21) A2/A1 = 1. 22 P ? 0. 81P 0. 81w ? 0. 0739 c p (22) 2 Fitting results against the design and experimental data are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The results shown in Fig. 3 cover the most commonly used range for steam jet ejectors, especially in vacuum andThe R values for the above three correlations are above 0. 99. The semi-empirical ejector design procedure involves sequential solution of Eqs. (1) (14) together with Eq. (17) or Eq. (20) (d epending on the ? ow type, choked or non-choked). This procedure is not iterative in contrast with the procedure given for the mathematical model in the previous section. As for the semi-empirical performance evaluation model, it involves non-iterative solution of Eqs. (1) (14) together with Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) for choked or non-choked ? ow, respectively. It should be hard-pressed that both solution procedures are indepen- Table 3Range of design and experimental data used in model development Source Er Cr Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp (kPa) w Experimental SchutteKoerting CrollRynolds Graham Power 1. 46. 19 1. 0083. 73 1. 254. 24 1. 1744. 04 1. 0475. 018 1. 6526. 1 1. 3632. 45 4. 3429. 4 4. 64453. 7 21000 0. 872121. 3 66. 852100. 8 3. 447124. 1 27. 58170. 27 2. 76172. 37 2. 3224. 1 790. 82859. 22 446. 061480. 27 790. 81480. 27 3. 72510. 2 38. 61720 84. 092132. 27 6. 2248. 2 34. 47301. 27 344. 742757. 9 0. 111. 132 0. 14 0. 18182. 5 0. 183. 23 0. 24 H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Enginee ring and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 559 Table 4Summary of literature experimental data for steam jet ejectors Ad/At Pp (kPa) Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp/Pe Pc/Pe w Reference 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 3. 8 4. 2 4. 7 5. 3 6 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 255. 1 294. 4 3. 09 3. 42 3. 83 4. 31 4. 89 0. 59 0. 54 0. 47 0. 39 0. 31 8 8 8 8 8 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 3. 6 4. 1 4. 6 5. 1 5. 7 191. 6 223. 9 260. 7 302. 1 348. 7 3. 47 3. 95 4. 44 4. 91 5. 49 0. 5 0. 42 0. 36 0. 29 0. 23 8 8 8 8 8 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 3. 4 3. 7 4. 4 5. 1 5. 4 227. 7 266. 2 309. 8 59 414. 4 3. 89 4. 24 5. 04 5. 85 6. 19 0. 4 0. 34 0. 28 0. 25 0. 18 8 8 8 8 8 200 834 400 669 841 690 690 1. 59 1. 59 1. 71 1. 59 1. 94 1. 94 3. 2 3. 07 3. 67 3. 51 3. 38 3. 51 521. 7 250. 2 392. 3 526. 1 356 356 2. 0 1. 92 2. 15 2. 19 1. 74 1. 81 0. 58 1. 13 0. 58 0. 51 0. 86 0. 91 4 4 4 4 4 4 81 270 270 270 270 270 0 . 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 4. 1 4. 2 4. 4 4. 5 4. 7 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 4. 7 4. 8 5. 04 5. 16 5. 39 0. 22 0. 19 0. 16 0. 14 0. 11 13 13 13 13 13 145 660 578 516 440 381 312 278 1. 55 1. 55 1. 58 1. 57 1. 59 1. 62 1. 68 5. 3 5. 3 5. 3 5. 03 4. 77 4. 23 4. 1 426. 5 373. 5 326. 280. 6 239. 9 192. 6 165. 1 3. 42 3. 42 3. 36 3. 21 3 2. 61 2. 44 0. 27 0. 31 0. 35 0. 38 0. 42 0. 46 0. 42 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 143. 4 169. 2 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 2. 53 2. 67 3. 15 4 4. 75 116. 8 137. 8 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 2. 06 2. 17 2. 56 3. 26 3. 87 0. 59 0. 51 0. 43 0. 35 0. 29 15 15 15 15 15 29. 7 33. 5 37. 8 46. 5 2. 47 2. 78 3. 14 3. 86 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 27 17 17 17 17 119. 9 151. 7 224. 1 195. 1 195. 1 186. 2 1. 7 2. 3 3. 9 1. 6 1. 9 2. 9 1. 8 2. 2 3. 3 1. 6 1. 9 2. 8 0. 62 0. 49 0. 34 0. 78 0. 64 0. 37 16 16 16 16 16 16 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 56. 9 38. 6 22. 6 . 3 1. 9 1. 4 0. 57 0. 56 0. 57 18 18 18 81 1720 1720 1720 1720 79. 21 116 153 270 198 198 198 57. 9 47. 4 38. 6 57. 7 51. 4 45. 5 37. 01 67. 6 67. 6 67. 6 121. 3 99. 9 67. 6 1. 02 1. 2 1. 7 143 143 143 143 560 H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 wide range of compression, expansion and entrainment ratios, especially those used in industrial applications. The developed correlations are simple and very useful for design and rating calculations, since it can be used to determine the entrainment ratio, which, upon speci? cation of the system load, can be used to determine the motive steam ? w rate and the cross section areas of the ejector. Acknowledgements Fig. 3. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios higher than 1. 8. The authors would like to agnise funding support of the Kuwait University Research Administration, Project No. EC084 entitled Multiple Effect Evaporation and Absorption/Adsorption Heat Pumps. Appendix A. spoken language A COP Cr Er m M M* Fig. 4. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios lower t han 1. 8. dent of the nozzle and diffuser ef? ciencies, which varies over a wide range, as shown in Table 2. 5. Conclusions A semi-empirical model is developed for design and erformance evaluation of steam jet ejector. The model includes correlations for the entrainment ratio in choked and non-choked ? ow, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios of the ejector. The correlations for the entrainment ratio are obtained by ? tting against a large set of design data and experimental measurements. In addition, the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically by solving the mathematical model using the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures.The correlations cover a P DP R Rs T w cross section area (m2) coef? cient of performance, dimensionless compression ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor expansion ratio de? ned as p ressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor mass ? ow rate (kg/s) Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound critical Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound pressure (kPa) pressure drop (kPa) universal gas constant (kJ/kg C) load ratio, mass ? ow rate of motive steam to mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor temperature (K) ntrainment ratio, mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor to mass ? ow rate of motive steam Greek symbols k compressibility ratio p ejector ef? ciency Subscripts 17 locations inside the ejector b boiler c condenser d diffuser e evaporator or entrained vapor m mixing n nozzle p primary stream or motive steam t throat of the nozzle H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 561 Appendix B B. 1. Correlations of saturation pressure and temperature The saturation temperature correlation is given by T = 42. 6776 ? 3892. 7 ? 273. 15 (ln(P /1000) ? 9. 48654) here P is in kPa and T is in C. The above corre lation is valid for the calculated saturation temperature over a pressure range of 10 1750 kPa. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table values are B 0. 1%. The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by ln(P /Pc) = Tc ?1 T + 273. 15 8 ? % fi (0. 01(T + 273. 15 ? 338. 15))(i ? 1) i=1 where Tc = 647. 286 K and Pc = 22089 kPa and the values of fi are given in the following table f1 f2 f3 f4 ?7. 419242 0. 29721 ?0. 1155286 0. 008685635 f5 f6 f7 f8 0. 001094098 ?0. 00439993 0. 002520658 ?0. 000521868

Memorable and striking characters Essay

Another mien in which Charles daemon creates memorable and smash characters is by the sort he describes how the characters look, as in my opinion a description of what they look like helps me to remember the characters. We first distinguish Abel Magwitch rather than fore analyse him. When we do hear him we learn that he has a terrible voice. On our first impressions we could think he is a ghost as Dickens says, As a man started up from among the graves. Then a full description of Magwitch begins and Dickens throws lots of descriptive words at us in a rhythmic manner.Magwitch is first described as A fearful man All in coarse grey With a spectacular iron on his leg. This is very monosyllabic, suggesting a very basic man. This likewise immediately gives us the impression that he is an escaped convict, which later in the story we find out he is. In Victorian times an escaped convict would have filled the reader with utter fear. Dickens excessively says that Magwitch isnt wearing any hat, which would be regarded as disrespectful, and that he is not a gentleman, as he isnt wearing a hat.Dickens as well uses a lot of verbs in the description regarding the way Magwitch looks, such as soaked smothered lamed cut stung and torn which suggests that the environment is hostile towards him and that it has alter him in some way. on that point is in any case a strong sense of rhythm throughout the description, for example soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles and torn by briars. The Cut by flints is almost onomatopoeic in that it gives a choppy monosyllabic mental picture to capture the act.Dickens finishes off his description of Abel Magwitch by writing verbs like shivered, limped, gl atomic number 18d and growled. The gl bed and growled gives us alliteration and proves just how animal like he is, as Magwitch is conveyed as beast like in a wilderness, who is hunted by society. When charge first sees leave off Havisham he describes her as The strangest doll he had ever seen. There is then a full description of overtop Havisham that proves just how strange and emotionally scared she is. Dickens says that she is dressed in rich materials- satins, and lace, and silks, we stand speciate from this that is an extremely upper berth class woman.We start to realise she is strange when Dickens says everything she wore was white. When he says white, we associate it with a wedding and we learn that she was abandoned at the communion table later in the book. She has been at Manor/ Satis house for a long time, we can tell this when Dickens says, The dress she wore had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow, and alike when he says The bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress. We can tell there is no hope left in her and that she is ugly when Charles Dickens says she has Sunken eyes.Now slash sees her as Ghostly waxwork. fille Havisham is regarded as waxwork, as s kin and bones but also as a skeleton. She is like the living dead, if you excuse the oxymoron. The way the characters behave is another way in which Charles Dickens creates his memorable and striking characters. Magwitch behaves in a all told bizarre way with Pip, for example he turns Pip upside down, which is a symbolic action for when he turns Pip upside down, its like he has turned Pips life upside down, which he eventually does.Magwitch also behaves differently as when he finds some bread in Pips pocket he eats the bread ravenously, which makes us realise just how hungry and animal like Magwitch is. Magwitch behaves very roughly with Pip as we can see from the descriptions Took me by some(prenominal) arms, and tilted me back as far as he could h gray me. This is the action of a man who is frightening and needs Pips help. Miss Havisham also behaves not just strangely but the way she behaves is grotesque, as she tells Pip I have hurl fancies, and I have sick fancies that I wa nt to see some play.I mean who says that to a young boy, its just disgusting. She also orders Pip almost as soon as he gets through the door, I think that this is because she thinks that just because she is a wealthy she has the right to order Pip about because he is a working class boy. Another way in which she behaves strangely is that she talks out loud but doesnt face to care if Pip can hear or understand what she is saying. The last way in which Dickens creates both memorable and striking characters is by the way he makes them speak.Speech is a very important vehicle in characterisation as it determine a lot about the characters, for example where they are from and their social class. When both Magwitch and Miss Havisham speak, they both use imperatives but we realise that Magwitch needs to issue imperatives out of necessity whereas Miss Havisham wants to issue imperatives because she feels she can because she is an upper class woman and Pip is a working class boy. We realise that there is a lot of communication between Magwitch and Pip, but when Pip is with Miss Havisham he is the audience.We also realise that Magwitch uses you all the time whereas Miss Havisham uses I all the time, as she is full of self-absorption. When we first hear Abel Magwitch speak, he speaks with such tug and aggression that we think he is a dangerous man. When Magwitch speaks he uses lots of imperatives, such as Keep still or Ill cut your throat and Hold your noise these two judgment of convictions are also part of a number of sentences that are monosyllabic. Dickens also uses lots of dialectal grammar for example, Tell us your name. When Magwitch says Pint out the place this suggests that he may be from a particular region as pint is a dialectal word. When Magwitch says What fill out cheeks you ha got it is quite comical in a way as Magwitch is so hungry he is wanting to eat Pips cheeks. When Magwitch turns absent as he thinks that Pips mother is nearby we can tell that he lives a life of constantly been afraid. After Pip says that both his parents are dead Magwitch says Ha but this Ha is not an evil ha, it is a dreaded man trying to sound sarcastic muttering, which proves just how hopeless he is.When he learns that Pip is an orphan we see a side of him, a warm kind side when he asks all these questions, and Magwitch realises that he can depend on Pip. When he orders Pip by saying, You get me a file, and you get me wittles, and you bring em both to me we notice the repetition of the word you that suggests that Magwitch is desperate and in a panic, and that Pip (this young boy) is the only mortal who can help him. When Magwitch describes the man who is in hiding with him, he creates the most horrific and uncultivated imagery, which indeed scares Pip.When Pip says Goo- good night sir Magwitch replies with Much of that, I wish I was a frog, or an eel which proves just how much he hates himself, and that he wants to be someone/ something else, a nd with that he goes limping into the distance. When we first hear Miss Havisham she comes across as a little, sad, vulnerable, weak, feeble old lady when she says Who is it? however, even though she says this, it arouses our suspicions because she was the person who invited him, so therefore, is expecting him.When Miss Havisham is speaking there is a lot of commands that are styled as imperatives. Miss Havisham starts to open out when she says You are not afraid of a woman who has never seen the son since you were born? When she says this, it is effective sibilance it is also taunting and full of utter spite. What do I touch broken this sentence is Miss Havishams monologue, it is also full of spite, this sentence is also a very odd thing to say to a young boy such as Pip.When Miss Havisham says, I am tired, I want diversion, and I have done with men and women, play we see that it is all about her, it is full of self-absorption, as she is always saying I the readers also realise that something is not quite right when she says this sentence. She then becomes extremely insulting towards Pip when she says Are you Sullen and cussed which proves that Miss Havisham is extremely well educated owing to the long sentences and the complex vocabulary she employs.She also talks in riddles when she says So new to him, so old to me, so strange to him, so familiar to me which is not only comparing herself to Pip, but when she says this sentence, its like she doesnt care if Pip hears and understands her or not. Miss Havisham doesnt think that Pip can do anything for himself and she proves this by saying You can do that. Call Estella. At the door, which is ordering Pip to augur Estella in a strange house.I think this is one reason why Pip feels very uncomfortable in Manor house, as it is totally outside his experience- a working class boy in the presence of middle/ high-class society. When Miss Havisham says to Estella Well you can break his heart we see what her plan is and Miss Havisham is also been very horrible. When she asks Pip, what does he think of Estella? She is being a bit cheeky, quite controlling and very mean, but it is the only sentence she says to him politely.When he does say (in her ear) Miss Havisham keeps prompting him, which in my opinion is very taunting, but overall that is what Miss Havisham is. So to conclude there are triplet main ways, in which Charles Dickens creates his memorable and striking characters. Firstly by the way he describes the setting, secondly by the way Dickens delineates the characters, for example the way the characters look and behave and thirdly by the way the characters speak.We have learnt that Abel Magwitch is a kind, desperate man who needed Pips help, and that Miss Havisham is a strange, grotesque, mean old lady who just likes to boss people around, having said this, in my opinion the reader feels a small amount of sympathy for her. We wouldnt expect that Magwitch and Miss Havisham are totally r eversed on our first impressions, but the whole theme is about our expectations. Dickens has created a number of successful characters, and because of their capturing description we can hear and see the characters, and because we know them and Dickens has brought them alive, we remember them for the rest of our lives.

Effect of Economic Crisis Towards Politics in Malaysia

We prevail discussed the impact of economic crisis towards economy and social. but there are other consequences due to this subject. One of them is policy-making. Malaysia is practicing the democratic administration which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect t inheritor lives. Democracy allows people to participate equally either directly or by elected representatives in the proposal, development, and creation oflaws (Roberts, H. Cox. 2012) However, the economic crisis could lead to the destructible of the stable semipolitical status in the country.Malaysia now days have lists of political parties that have the same aim which is to rule Malaysia. On the other hand, economic crisis is one of the crimp to these political parties to rule the country or even to the dominant political troupe such as UMNO. When the Asian financial crisis 1997 hit Malaysia, the impact was traumatic. There was economic and political turmoil. The stock market, the curre ncy and the property market approximately collapsed. That in turn affected the overall economy.UMNO, the dominant political party in the unrestricted opinion alliance, experienced political turbulence when its charismatic deputy president, Anwar Ibrahim, was expelled from the party when he disagreed with the then president, Mahathir Mohamad, over, among other things, Mahathirs rejection of loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Yet, Malaysia was not that badly affected as compared to some of its neighbors. It did not experience the consequence of the socio-political distress as occurred in Indonesia where the rioting that broke out ultimately led to the overthrow of Suharto.Nor was its economic sovereignty that deeply compromised as happened in Indonesia and Thailand when twain countries were forced to accept the conditions oblige by the IMF for the acceptance of their loans. Besides, there is a major consideration of questions is the view purported by some quarters that Dr. Mahathir has overstayed his tenure and that heir apparent Anwar would have been the right successor of a to a greater extent liberal Malaysia. The questions being around at that time is does it true that Anwar rejection is the consequences of he brings the economic polish up term in Malaysia and idea in conserving loan from IMF or because Dr.Mahathir is feeling discomfort or unsecure due to the trusts and confident level of the people is falling buck? This questions has delivered main(prenominal) elements of events of the recent two years is that possibly what transpired between Mahathir and Anwar climaxed as a second battle royale in Malaysias political history. There is more than a hint that underneath it all was a political contestation fought with intense intrigue and complexity one reflection observes that the Anwar group (some call it the Anwaristas, as opposed to the Mahathirists) had indeed been conspiring to take the mantle of power by contrived means.According ly, it was a plot exposed in time by Dr. Mahathirs forces. But yet, to suggest a real political division between Mahathirists and Anwaristas in the Malaysian political scenario is too neat an explanation of reality, and certainly these inchoate groupings are not mutually exclusive. As may be expected, there are also the fence-sitters. As we noticed, Anwar expels is due to the economic crisis. But if we storming deeper, the existence of opposition of the public opinion parties in Malaysia (Barisan Rakyat), namely Parti Keadilan Rakyat.Parti Keadilan Rakyat is formed in 2003 by a merger of theNational Justice Partyand the olderMalaysian Peoples Party. Keadilan was led by Dr sickish Azizah Wan Ismail ( Anwars wife)and increased its parliamentary representation from 1 seat to 31 seats in theMalaysian general election, 2008until the five-year political ban imposed on former Deputy inflorescence MinisterAnwar Ibrahimwas lifted on 14 April 2008. Here we can see the existence of one more political party in Malaysia due to economic crisis. Anwar Ibrahim has been expels from the party and he form another party through his wife in the period of he was arrested in jail.Through this brings up another question to Malaysian. Whether Parti Keadilan Rakyat is really stand up on representing the public fate and rights? Or else, is just because of Anwars agenda to be the Prime Minister is failed because he was expelled from being Deputy Prime Minister by Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. Then he forms up his testify political party? No way out what the question is, we can see that the existence of Parti Keadilan Rakyat giving a huge impact on the political environment in Malaysia. Large portion of hostel putting their trusts on Keadilan Rakyat and this is the warning and a big challenge to the government Malaysia in uling the country very well. The Malaysia government, Barisan Nasional is doing their best to society because they believe that Keadilan Rakyat have their own strength and ability in overcoming the government. In conclusion, economic crisis brings up too many negative impacts towards our politics in Malaysia such as expellation of Anwar Ibrahim, unstable of ruling political party Barisan Nasional, the disunity of public trusts in ruling political party due to lost in trust of the leader on that time.However, the existence of main opposition party Parti Keadilan Rakyat brings a very great impact to government on how they rule the country due to the possibility and ability of Parti Keadilan Rakyat to gain the public trusts. Thus, economic down term really brings a negative impact toward Malaysia in short run, but however the subject brings a cause of supportive impact toward Malaysia political environment in long term.

Pareting Skills Essay

1)What is positive parenting?Positive parenting is when you encourage good behavior, good communication, and function your children maintain high self-esteem.2)What is discipline? How does it differ from punishment?Discipline is to teach your child from their mistake and its different from punishment beca part punishment is when your child doesnt abide by the rules nor does something they were told non to do.3)What is active listening? Why is it used by parents?Active listening is when the child learns from being given feedback about what they do. Parents use active listening so their child learns from what they did and what they can do to What is guidance? Provide an example of a parent providing guidance to a child? focussing is guiding your child in the right direction. An example of a parent providing guidance to a child is if your child is yelling in the library kinda of yelling back at him telling him to shut up, tell him to talk lower. 4)Where can families and parents find support and resources? Families and parents find support and resources by going to classes for pity for infants, churches, schools, doctors offices, and community centers.Do you think positive parenting techniques work? Why or why not? Yes I think positive parenting techniques work because I opinion that children respond positively when parents are not negative. 1.Choose one of the three scenarios presented at the beginning of the module. Describe how you would handle the situation. You come home from work and find that your snapper school-aged daughter hasnt finished her homework, even though she was supposed to gull the homework done so that you could have a family movie night Since she didnt do her homework before I got home while everyone is watching the movie for movie night she will be doing her homework and will not be able to join the family until she is finished1)Why are consequences an important part of positive parenting? Consequences are an important part of positiv e parenting because if your child doesnt have any consequences for their actions they will keep doing the things they do.

Elements of Crime

Elements of a Crime (Actus Reus & Mens Rea) Model Lesson Plan Source lord lesson plan. Handout 2 from David Crump, Criminal Law Cases, Statutes, And Lawyering Strategies, Lexis Nexis 2005 pg. 117-18. I. Goals by the end of this class sstudents should feed a sthrong origin for reading criminal statutes and differentiating ssimilar crimes. II. Objectives a. Knowledge objectives as a force of this class sstudents will be break up able to i. define Actus Reus and Mens Rea ii. understand the different gradations of Mens Rea iii. nderstand the differences between Washingtons homicide statutes b. S bucks objectives as a result of this class sstudents will be better able to i. read a statute carefully and cod it to fact patterns ii. present and defend their interpretations of the law c. Attitude objectives i. Sstudents should understand that the severity of criminal punishments rotter start out greatly depending on the defendants mental state in a manner that is more often than not consistent with the general societal belief that intention ally wrongful acts are worse than unintentional, but notwithstanding wrongful acts. ii.Sstudents should carefully consider the potentially harsh results that occur when legislatures replace mens rea with nonindulgent obligation. III. Methods (1)Distribute Handout 1 (Hypos) (2)Read the introductory sodium thiosulphatethetical aloud as a class. Ask for volunteers to answer the questions. a. The class should come to the refinement that Frank did cause Bills expiration in the sense that if he hadnt move the mirror in the particular way he did at that exact time, the window washer wouldnt have been blinded and Bill wouldnt have slipped. This is a good example of but for or actual causation as used in Handout 2.However, the law typically only imposes liability where the defendants conduct is the proximate cause of the harmful level offt/ crime. b. However, it seems like Frank didnt do any(prenominal)thing wrong. Try to e licit why this result seems wrong and write the classs ideas on the whiteboard. (3)Distribute Handout 2 (Elements) (4)Handout 2 Walk through the Elements handout. Be careful to explain that not all of the elements are always present in a criminal statute. For example, attempted murder doesnt have a harm element and parking violations dont have a mens rea element, e. g. ne can receive a parking citation for parking in a handicapped spot even if it was unintentional or an accident. Furthermore, the elements arent perfectly discrete and there is some overlap. (5)Distribute Handout 3 (Statutes) a. relieve that the groups will be analyzing the hypos with respect to the statutes provided in Handout 3. The Grades of Homicide are meant to demonstrate the changes mens rea. b. Walk through the statutes and perpetrate a thumbnail sketch of i. First degree murder 1. Premeditated killing. An intentional killing that was deliberate and contemplated preceding to the killing. . Extreme Indiffere nce. Covers the possibility that someone knows that what they are going to do will result in the death of other person, but at the same time doesnt intend to kill. See the bomb hypo in handout 1. ii. Second degree murder 1. Intentional killing without premeditation. The classic example is a passion killing where the homicide occurs in the heat of the moment. iii. First degree manslaughter 1. Recklessness. Conscious awareness of an unacceptable run a risk to human life. Recklessness is ssimilar to extreme indifference, but the risk that human life will be alienated is less. v. Second degree manslaughter 1. Criminal negligence. Gross deviation from standard of care. v. Statutory scandalise 1. No mens rea. unmitigated liability with a limited affirmative defense where nonaged misrepresents age. In an effort to protect minor children, state legislatures have placed an increased burden to ascertain age on the older party. (6)Break into groups of 3-5 to render statutes to Hypos 1- 5. Have groups designate a reporter and a fipple pipe. The recorder should write each of the group members names on the top of handout 1 and also record the groups aanswers on the dummy provided.The Reporter is responsible for explaining the groups reasoning and conclusion when the class reconvenes. (7)Reconvene Class call on each group to present their analysis of one hypo. Ask questions to push them in the right rush if you think they missed something or ask questions forcing them to defend their aanswers if you think they got it right. Note to teacher suggested aanswers to the hypotheticals are on a separate sheet at the end of this lesson plan. (8)Take-away mens rea standards vary widely from premeditated intent to strict liability.You need to read statutes carefully to determine the correct standard. IV. Evaluation a. Group performance on scripted responses to Hypos1-5 and class discussion. V. Assignment a. Write a one page response to the costing question Shcould Melvin b e punished for his relationship with Laura? If not, please explain why. How do you think Washingtons statutory rape statute should be changed? If you think that Melvin should be punished, please explain why. Handout 1 Hypothetical Scenarios basic Hypo Frank is helping his friend move into a downtown Seattle condo.While unloading a commodious mirror from the moving truck, the bright sunlight hits the mirror and reflects against the 40th floor of the skyscraper across the street which temporarily blinds a window washer and causes him to stumble. During this moment of temporary blindness, lasting about a second and a half, the window washer inadvertently kicks over his window washing bucket onto the street below. The water and gunk from the bucket hit the sidewalk right in front of Bill the jogger. Bill was unable to time period before stepping on the slippery sidewalk, causing him to lose his balance and fall.When Bill fell, he hit his toss on the sidewalk. Bill died two weeks lat er from his head injury. Suppose that Washington law provides Anyone who causes the death of another person shall be guilty of murder. Wcould Frank be guilty of murder under this law? Shcould he be? Group Exercise Hypos Instructions Nominate someone in your group to be the recorder and another person to be the class reporter. Read each hypothetical and determine which statute, if any, applies to the facts of the hypothetical and whether the defendant has violated the statute.Hypo 1 Sarah is held at gun point by Roger on a rooftop. Roger tells Sarah that she must dupe and kill Steven. Sarah pleads with Roger to let her go and that she does not want to kill Steven. Roger tells Sarah that unless she successfully shoots and kills Steven, he will kill Sarah and her entire family. Roger has a violent reputation and Sarah has no reason to believe that Roger will not follow through with his threat. Roger identifies Steven walking on the other side of the street and tells Sarah to take the shot.Fearing for the safety of her family and herself, Sarah takes careful lease at Steven, gauges the wind and change in elevation, and fires a precise shot penetrating Stevens heart. What crimes if any has Sarah committed?

Juvenile System Essay

Something is wrong in society if more than and more teenagers commit tumble-down crimes. Focusing on what spawns delinquency in juveniles today, p atomic number 18nting is essential. During my visit to family court with fellow classmates I was honored to observe real live chemises involving teenagers, and their parents. It was obvious that angiotensin converting enzyme main issue in the U. S. juvenile Delinquency system is the lack of family structure. Family and delinquent relationships interconnect, ultimately, resulting to the core of delinquency.The articles new Delinquency and Family Structure, by Anika Doggett, and Family Influences on Delinquency, written by David P. Farrington, both attempt to explain the effects of family structure on juvenile delinquents. The least amount of communication and structure provided by family only ensures a closer path to delinquent activities a tyke will engage in. Eventually, a solution or at least an attempt to puzzle out family struct ure, and parental influence, will need to be instituted in the U. S. juvenile system.Attending family court was an recognize in itself because it will forever be memorable. One case in particular that held significant value to me was the one involving a intravenous feedingteen year old boy who stabbed a delivery worker in the actors assistant with a knife. As the troubled teen entered the court room, all eyes were focusing on him as court officers began to remove him from handcuffs. This proved prior detainment in a storage area facility. He approached his seat behind and slouchy, and sat in between his mother and his lawyer. He shared no words, or looks with either of the both as he continued to be seated.I expected a much more informal greeting once he united with his mother, but to my surprise, neither of them seems interested in such. The young delinquent glanced around the room as he identified everyone present with his low, angry eyes. His hair was uncombed, and he slo uched in his chair as if having no interest in the rasets about to take place. His face was brutally bruised and defeat from what seemed to be fist fights he had rearward in the detention facility he came from. As the descriptions of the case continued, it was proven that the victim of the stabbing was an innocent, immigrant man who spoke no English.He is from Mexico, and works to support his family being a delivery boy. The victim is only nineteen eld old meaning only four years older than his offender. When the victim was mentioned, the juvenile represented was not remorseful. He showed no signs of sympathy for the victim, or his family. He continued to slouch, and be detached from everyone in the court room. As the judge continued to aver his case, he continued to stare forward with a blank stare. Ultimately, the case was postponed to be decided at a later date. The juveniles lawyer mentioned the teenager having a consultation with a psychiatrist.The psychiatrist saw sympt oms of an antisocial disorder that the teenager processed. He described the teen as feeling emotionally disconnected and detached from things having sentimental value, which would explain his lack of emotion during the case. In the end, the teen was issued back to the detention facility in which he came from. As the case was dismissed, the boy stood up from the bench and was placed back in handcuffs. Once again, he did not look at his mother, speak to her, or acknowledge her even in the slightest way.Somehow, his mother was able to crack a smile when she looked at him, but somehow, it didnt seem fulfilling to me. Furthermore, I analyzed the underlying cause of this case lack of family structure. According to Anika Doggett, in the text Juvenile Delinquency, and Family Structure, families are one of the strongest socializing forces in life. (1) Providing stability, unity, and control, families are essentially the rigation of a person. However, it is clear that family factors predict offending. Some strong predictors are criminal or antisocial parents.Other predictors are large family sizes, poor parental supervision, parental conflict, and disrupted families. Children who are rejected by families, who also pay back up in unstable homes with large amounts of conflict, or who are unsupervised most of the time, are at greater risk of becoming delinquent. (Doggett 1) In even more specific terms, positive parenting practices during early years of childhood and adolescence appear to act as safety helmets simply because they add to the structure and foundation of what a child believes, values, and understands as right from wrong.This exact idea is evident in the case. From what I concurred as I watched the court case, the mother and son relationship was troublesome based on the lack of communication they shared. In the text Family Influences on Delinquency, author David Farrington says mother love in infancy and childhood was near as important for mental health as v itamins and proteins for physical health. (211) It is essential that a child experiences a warm, loving, encouraging, continuous relationship with a mother figure from a very young age.If they experience a maternal detriment, as early as the first five years of life, it will reach negative effects on the development of their character. This includes becoming an affectionless, and cold person, also a delinquent. This explains the very contrasted relationship displayed between the mother and son in court. In addition, the fact that the boys yield was not present is also an important facet in my observation.Farrington states that it is generally common for the loss or absence of a father, rather than a mother. However, this too impacts the future of the juvenile. Children from broken homes are more promising to offend than ones from intact families. (Farrington 211) To further verify this idea, a study was carried out by researcher, Joan McCord, in which she canvass the relationsh ip between homes broken by loss of the biological fathers and boys who later commit serious offenses. She found that the prevalence of offending was high for boys from broken homes without affectionate mothers (62 percent) and for those from unbroken homes characterized by parental conflict (52 percent), regardless of whether they had affectionate mothers.